Geography Optional

Factors controlling landform development

Endogenetic and exogenetic forces

Origin and evolution of the earth's crust

Fundamentals of geomagnetism

Physical conditions of the earth's interior

Geosynclines

Continental drift

Isostasy

Plate tectonics

Recent views on mountain building

Vulcanicity

Earthquakes and Tsunamis

Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development

Denudation chronology

Channel morphology

Erosion surfaces

Slope development

Applied Geomorphology

• Geohydrology

• Economic geology

• Environment

Temperature and pressure belts of the world

Heat budget of the earth

Atmospheric circulation

Atmospheric stability and instability

Planetary and local winds

Monsoons and jet streams

Air masses and fronto genesis

Temperate and tropical cyclones

Types and distribution of precipitation

Weather and Climate

Koppen's, Thornthwaite's and Trewartha's classification of world climates

Hydrological cycle

Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes

Applied climatology and Urban climate

Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans

Temperature and salinity of the oceans

Heat and salt budgets

Ocean deposits

Waves, currents and tides

Marine resources

• Biotic resources

• Mineral resources

• Energy resources

Coral reefs, coral bleaching

Sea-level changes

Law of the sea and marine pollution

Genesis of soils

Classification and distribution of soils

Soil profile

Soil erosion, Degradation and conservation

Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals

Problems of deforestation and conservation measures

Social forestry

Agro-forestry

Wild life

Major gene pool centres

Principle of ecology

Human ecological adaptations

Influence of man on ecology and environment

Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances

Ecosystem their management and conservation

Environmental degradation, management and conservation

Biodiversity and sustainable development

Environmental policy

Environmental hazards and remedial measures

Environmental education and legislation

Areal differentiation

Regional synthesis

Dichotomy and dualism

Environmentalism

Quantitative revolution and locational analysis

Radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches

Languages, religions and secularisation

Cultural regions of the world

Human development index

World economic development: measurement and problems

World resources and their distribution

Energy crisis

The limits to growth

World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions

Agricultural inputs and productivity

Food and nutrition problems

Food security

Famine: causes, effects and remedies

World industries: locational patterns and problems

Patterns of world trade

Growth and distribution of world population

Demographic attributes

Causes and consequences of migration

Concepts of over-, under- and optimum population

Population theories, world population problems and policies

Social well-being and quality of life

Population as social capital

Types and patterns of rural settlements

Environmental issues in rural settlements

Hierarchy of urban settlements

Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule

Functional classification of towns

Sphere of urban influence

Rural-urban fringe

Satellite towns

Problems and remedies of urbanization

Sustainable development of cities

Concept of a region

Types of regions and methods of regionalisation

Growth centres and growth poles

Regional imbalances

Regional development strategies

Environmental issues in regional planning

Planning for sustainable development

Systems analysis in Human geography

Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models

Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch

Perroux and Boudeville

Von Thunen's model of agricultural location

Weber's model of industrial location

Rostow's model of stages of growth

Heartland and Rimland theories

Laws of international boundaries and frontiers

Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries

Structure and relief

Drainage system and watersheds

Physiographic regions

Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns

Tropical cyclones and western disturbances

Floods and droughts

Climatic regions

Natural vegetation

Soil types and their distributions

Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources

Forest and wild life resources and their conservation

Energy crisis

Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power

Institutional factors: land holdings, land tenure and land reforms

Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability

Agro and social-forestry

Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications

Significance of dry farming

Livestock resources and white revolution

Aqua-culture

Sericulture, apiculture and poultry

Agricultural regionalisation

Agro-climatic zones

Agro-ecological regions

Evolution of industries

Locational factors of major industries

• Cotton, jute, textile

• Iron and steel

• Aluminium

• Fertilizer

• Paper

• Chemical and pharmaceutical

• Automobile

• Cottage and agro-based industries

Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings

Industrial regionalisation

New industrial policies

Multinationals and liberalisation

Special Economic Zones

Tourism including eco-tourism

Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development

Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade

Trade balance

Trade Policy

Export processing zones

Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society

Indian space programme

Historical Perspective of Indian Society

Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities

Religious minorities

Major tribes, tribal areas and their problems

Cultural regions

Growth, distribution and density of population

Demographic attributes

• Sex-ratio

• Age structure

• Literacy rate

• Work-force

• Dependency ratio

• Longevity

Migration (inter-regional, intra-regional and international) and associated problems

Population problems and policies

Health indicators

Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements

Urban developments

Morphology of Indian cities

Functional classification of Indian cities

Conurbations and metropolitan regions

Urban sprawl

Slums and associated problems

Town planning

Problems of urbanisation and remedies

Experience of regional planning in India

Five Year Plans

Integrated rural development programmes

Panchayati Raj and decentralised planning

Command area development

Watershed management

Planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area development

Multi-level planning

Regional planning and development of island territories

Geographical basis of Indian federalism

State reorganisation

Emergence of new states

Regional consciousness and inter state issues

International boundary of India and related issues

Cross border terrorism

India's role in world affairs

Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm

Ecological issues

Environmental hazards

• Landslides

• Earthquakes

• Tsunamis

• Floods and droughts

• Epidemics

Issues relating to environmental pollution

Changes in patterns of land use

Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management

Population explosion and food security

Environmental degradation

Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion

Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest

Regional disparities in economic development

Concept of sustainable growth and development

Environmental awareness

Linkage of rivers

Globalisation and Indian economy